Trial for the kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard Research Paper

Preliminary for the hijacking of Jaycee Dugard - Research Paper Example It is additionally imperative to take note of that, while stole, Dugard brought forth two little girls matured 11 and 15 years of age when she was liberated. In the year 2011, June 2, Phillip Garrido was announced to 431 years in jail while the spouse, likewise an assistant was declared to 36 years detainment. Phillip Garrido had consistently had a background marked by assault cases in his previous existence, he is blamed for assaulting a lady Katherine Callaway in Nevada in 1976 where he was charged and sentenced for sexual violations in both state and government courts. The therapist report expresses that he required specialist help for his explicitly degenerate conduct combined with sedate maltreatment. When at Leavenworth, he met Nancy Garrido where they began a relationship dependent on wrongdoing and lewd behavior of casualties. After the capture of Garrido, the researching officials did a broad pursuit at his living arrangement and nearby homes, these remembered scans for the premises of his colleagues as well. Despite the fact that the hunts didn't create any proof that would continue a criminal case past a sensible uncertainty, the police didn't overrule Garrido as a suspect. At the confinement community, Garrido would later uncover to a correspondent that, however he concedes that what he did isn't right, it was the main thing he could do to pivot his life and to be acknowledged in the general public. The resistance mentioned an analyst or a psychiatrist’s report on Garrido for the contention of the case; at the preliminary, the protection figured out how to make sure about Garrido a bail at $ 30 million however the solicitation for no-bail parole was denied by the courts. On the hearings of October 29 and December 11, 2009, Katie Callaway a past survivor of Garrido showed up in court during the resistance hearings, however she didn't address the court. At a later hearing on January 21, 2010, the guard lawyer for the blamed was excluded for ina bility to reveal a few realities and archives to general society and the court, and rather subbed by another lawyer; in addition, Mrs Garrido was likewise conceded bail of $ 20 million at this meeting. Mrs Garrido’s legal advisor Mr Tapson later revealed at an open gathering that both the charged had made an admission that they would concede to the offense of bogus detainment and rape. This was to empower a request haggling so as to have Mrs Garrido have a lighter sentence, on the normal day of the supplication, both Phillip and Nancy Garrido didn't confess true to form in an altered case. What's more, so as to convolute issues, the lawyer for the primary blamed Phillip Garrido grumbled for the one-sided choice of the jury contending that it will probably influence a ultimate choice. The court was currently confronted with a choice whether the procedure in itself had authenticity; also, another zone of concern is whether both Mr and Mrs Garrido were consistent in the choice t o concede. While Mrs Garrido’s lawyer fought that it was a joint choice for both to concede, Mr Garrido’s lawyer Gellman differ on this demanding each lawyer ought to carefully talk or remark on their individual client’s case. The worries about the jury were shed as they had minimal legitimate ramifications looking into the issue in advance. On June 2, 2011, Garrido was indicted for assault and seizing on his own request of blame and sentenced to 431 years detainment while his better half Nancy got 36 years detainment, Jaycee Dugard, their casualty didn't go to the meeting of court when the judgment was perused. (Karmen, 2012). In

AP English Language and Composition Exam Key Terms

AP English Language and Composition Exam Key Terms On this page, youll discover brief meanings of syntactic, artistic, and explanatory terms that have showed up on the different decision and paper bits of the AP* English Language and Composition test. For models and progressively definite clarifications of the terms, follow the connections to extended articles. *AP is an enlisted trademark of the College Board, which neither supporters nor underwrites this glossary. Advertisement Hominem: An contention dependent on the failings of a foe as opposed to on the benefits of the case; a sensible deception that includes an individual attack.Adjective: The grammatical form (or word class) that changes a thing or a pronoun.Adverb: The grammatical form (or word class) that adjusts an action word, descriptor, or another adverb.Allegory: Extending a representation so articles, people, and activities in a book are compared with implications that lie outside the text.Alliteration: The redundancy of an underlying consonant sound.Allusion: A brief, generally backhanded reference to an individual, spot, or occasion genuine or fictional.Ambiguity: The nearness of at least two potential implications in any passage.Analogy: Reasoning or contending from equal cases.Anaphora: The reiteration of a similar word or expression toward the start of progressive provisos or verses.Antecedent: The thing or thing phrase alluded to by a pronoun.Antithesis: The juxtaposition of differentiating thoughts in adjusted phrases.Aphorism: (1) A curtly stated explanation of a reality or conclusion. (2) A short proclamation of a rule. Apostrophe: A explanatory term for severing talk to address some missing individual or thing.Appeal to Authority: A deception in which a speaker or essayist looks to convince not by giving proof yet by engaging the regard individuals have for a celebrated individual or institution.Appeal to Ignorance: A misrepresentation that utilizes a rivals failure to refute an end as confirmation of the ends correctness.Argument: A course of thinking planned for showing truth or falsehood.Assonance: The personality or similitude in sound between interior vowels in neighboring words.Asyndeton: The oversight of conjunctions between words, expressions, or provisos (inverse of polysyndeton).Character: An individual (typically an individual) in an account (normally a work of fiction or imaginative nonfiction).Chiasmus: A verbal example in which the second 50% of an articulation is adjusted against the first yet with the parts reversed.Circular Argument: An contention that submits the legitimate paradox of expecting what it is endeavoring to demonstrate. Claim: An doubtful proclamation, which might be a case of certainty, worth, or policy.Clause: A gathering of words that contains a subject and a predicate.Climax: Mounting by degrees through words or sentences of expanding weight and in equal development with an accentuation on the high point or climax of a progression of events.Colloquial: Characteristic of composing that looks for the impact of casual communicated in language as particular from formal or artistic English.Comparison: A expository system in which an author inspects similitudes as well as contrasts between two individuals, spots, thoughts, or objects.Complement: A word or word bunch that finishes the predicate in a sentence.Concession: An contentious technique by which a speaker or essayist recognizes the legitimacy of an adversaries point.Confirmation: The fundamental piece of a book in which intelligent contentions on the side of a position are elaborated.Conjunction: The grammatical feature (or wo rd class) that serves to interface words, expressions, conditions, or sentences.Connotation: The enthusiastic ramifications and affiliations that a word may convey. Coordination: The linguistic association of at least two plans to give them equivalent accentuation and significance. Stand out from subordination.Deduction: A technique for thinking in which an end follows fundamentally from the expressed premises.Denotation: The direct or word reference significance of a word, as opposed to its metaphorical or related meanings.Dialect: A provincial or social assortment of a language recognized by articulation, sentence structure, as well as vocabulary.Diction: (1) The decision and utilization of words in discourse or composing. (2) A method of speakingâ usually evaluated regarding winning norms of articulation and elocution.Didactic: Intended or slanted to educate or train, frequently excessively.Encomium: A tribute or commendation in composition or stanza extolling individuals, items, thoughts, or events.Epiphora: The reiteration of a word or expression toward the finish of a few conditions. (Otherwise called epistrophe.)Epitaph:à ‚ (1) A short engraving in writing or stanza on a gravestone or landmark. (2) An announcement or discourse remembering somebody who has kicked the bucket: a memorial service speech. Ethos: A convincing intrigue dependent on the anticipated character of the speaker or narrator.Eulogy: A formal articulation of recognition for somebody who has as of late died.Euphemism: The replacement of a tame term for one considered disagreeably explicit.Exposition: A proclamation or kind of sythesis proposed to give data about (or a clarification of) an issue, subject, technique, or idea.Extended Metaphor: A correlation between two dissimilar to things that proceeds all through a progression of sentences in a passage or lines in a poem.Fallacy: An mistake in thinking that renders a contention invalid.False Dilemma: A error of distortion that offers a set number of alternatives (generally two) when, truth be told, more choices are available.Figurative Language: Language in which interesting expressions, (for example, representations, comparisons, and overstatement) uninhibitedly occur.Figures of Speech: The different employments of language that withdraw from s tandard development, request, or significance.Flashback: A move in an account to a previous occasion that intrudes on the typical ordered improvement of a story. Genre: A class of imaginative arrangement, as in film or writing, set apart by a particular style, structure, or content.Hasty Generalization: A error in which an end isn't consistently supported by adequate or unprejudiced evidence.Hyperbole: A saying in which misrepresentation is utilized for accentuation or impact; an excessive statement.Imagery: Vivid enlightening language that interests to at least one of the senses.Induction: A technique for thinking by which a rhetor gathers various examples and structures a speculation that is intended to apply to all instances.Invective: Denunciatory or damaging language;â discourseâ that throws fault on someone or something.Irony: The utilization of words to pass on something contrary to their strict importance. An announcement or circumstance where the importance is straightforwardly negated by the appearance or introduction of the idea.Isocolon: A progression of expressions of roughly equivalent length and comparing stru cture.Jargon: The particular language of an expert, word related, or other gathering, regularly unimportant to untouchables. Litotes: A metaphor comprising of a modest representation of the truth where an agreed is communicated by nullifying its opposite.Loose Sentence: A sentence structure in which a fundamental proviso is trailed by subordinate expressions and conditions. Difference with periodic sentence.Metaphor: A interesting expression in which an inferred examination is made betweenâ twoâ unlike things that really have something significant in common.Metonymy: A hyperbole in which single word or expression is fill in for another with which it is firmly related, (for example, crown for royalty).Mode of Discourse: The manner by which data is introduced in a book. The four conventional modes are portrayal, depiction, article, and argument.Mood: (1) The nature of an action word that passes on the authors demeanor toward a subject. (2) The feeling evoked by a text.Narrative: A expository procedure that describes a succession of occasions, for the most part in sequential order.Noun: The grammatical form (or word class) that is utilized to name an individual, place, thing, quality, or activity. Onomatopoeia: The arrangement or utilization of words that mimic the sounds related with the articles or activities they allude to.Oxymoron: A interesting expression in which muddled or opposing terms seem side by side.Paradox: A articulation that seems to repudiate itself.Parallelism: The likeness of structure in a couple or arrangement of related words, expressions, or clauses.Parody: A scholarly or imaginative work that emulates the trademark style of a writer or a work for comic impact or ridicule.Pathos: The methods for influence that interests to the crowds emotions.Periodic Sentence: A long and often included sentence, set apart by suspended language structure, in which the sense isn't finished until the last wordusually with an insistent climax.Personification: A saying in which a lifeless thing or reflection is blessed with human characteristics or abilities.Point of View: The viewpoint from which a speaker or author recounts to a story or presents informat ion.Predicate: One of the two primary pieces of a sentence or condition, adjusting the subject and including the action word, items, or expressions administered by the action word. Pronoun: A word (a grammatical feature or word class) that replaces a noun.Prose: Ordinary composing (both fiction and genuine) as recognized from verse.Refutation: The part of a contention wherein a speaker or essayist foresees and counters restricting purposes of view.Repetition: An case of utilizing a word, expression, or condition more than once in a short passagedwelling on a point.Rhetoric: The study and practice of powerful communication.Rhetorical Question: A question approached simply for impact with no answer expected.Running Style: Sentence style that seems to follow the brain as it stresses an issue through, imitating the meandering aimlessly, cooperative punctuation of discussion the oppo

Unique Challenges Facing Teenage Immigrants free essay sample

Extraordinary Challenges Facing Teenage Immigrants BY Tiffany925 America was established as a country of migrants. Except for Native Americans, who originate before written history, Americans are relatives of individuals conceived somewhere else. In the course of recent years, a large number of individuals from various nations have gone to the United States looking for opportunity, harmony, and the open door guaranteed by the American Dream. Between the fifteenth and eighteenth hundreds of years individuals came to America looking for everything from more noteworthy physical space to opportunity from political or strict abuse. During this time there were additionally a great many Africans rriving to America in chains. They were sold as captives to ranch proprietors. In the twentieth century a huge number of Europeans cruised to America looking for better chances. Albeit numerous laws have been executed during the time to manage access to this nation, individuals keep on coming in incredible numbers looking for comparable dreams. Truth be told, more than one million outsiders enter the United States every year (PBS, 2009). Passig depicts the four primary challenges experienced by outsiders upon access to the U. S. as the language boundary, social challenges, passionate lopsidedness, and mental troubles. Most foreigners are not familiar with the English language. This increases their sentiments of dejection and distance. The additional weights of learning another dialect and unraveling Americas standards of conduct and social standards can present numerous passionate and mental troubles for outsiders. Passigs inquire about proposes that the ages somewhere in the range of 11 and 22 years are not ideal for adapting to these troubles. It is accepted that adolescent migrants have more trouble adapting to migration than grown-ups on the grounds that they are all the while adapting to the physiological and mental changes coming about rom age-related turn of events (Passig, Eden, Heled, 2007). As indicated by the U. S. Registration Bureau, around 400,000 individuals attempt to enter the United States unlawfully every year. Of this gathering, around 10 percent are minors. Many suffer hardships Teen Immigrants 1 coming to America. A 19-year-old secondary school understudy who emigrated from Mexico portrayed his unlawful Journey to the U. S. in a meeting distributed in The Grady Journal: l strolled a ton and we endured in light of the fact that there was no water and it was hot, A man who accompanied the gathering kicked the bucket in transit, yet when we crossed the fringe I was cheerful. My American dream had become reality. (2009). A 16-year-old understudy likewise met in The Grady Journal shared her familys experience working with coyotes to come to America from Mexico when she was eleven years of age. Coyotes are American residents that charge cash to carry outsiders into the U. S. Coyotes have been known to drop outsiders off in the center of no place, keeping their cash and leaving them to bite the dust. The understudy portrayed strolling through the desert four days. She additionally said the coyotes were terrible to her family and didn't give them water to drink. She felt miserable, terrified and orthless during her. Be that as it may, she believed herself and her relatives to be fortunate to have endure the Journey since a huge number of migrants have passed on while the U. S. what's more, later battle to fit in toa new culture (2009). Notwithstanding their strategy for Journey to the U. S. , high schooler migrants face a wide scope of acknowledgment, dismissal and negligence. They abandon companions, family and all parts of life in their local nations with expectations of improving lives for themselves in America. For some outsider young people, the progress to secondary school is the most testing of their deterrents. Other than learning another dialect, outsider young people need to make companions, and change in accordance with the diverse innovation that is utilized in American schools. Numerous worker youngsters additionally battle with clashes presented by their folks want for them to stay devoted to local social customs and their individual wants to adjust to the social conventions of American adolescents (Sridhar, 2008). For some high school migrants, American schools are their first involvement in formal instruction. In most creating nations neediness and social custom breaking point the chances of female young people to get proper instruction. Numerous families, particularly those with numerous kids, can not manage the cost of the coincidental costs related with teaching their kids. The expense of intentional commitments, regalia, books, and transport passages can make even free instruction costly. Whenever the expenses are weighed against the constrained open doors for taught females to acquire paying Jobs, most families decide to keep little girls at home. There she can add to the family unit by cleaning, cooking, gathering wood and water, and taking care of more youthful kids. As indicated by the UNICEF League Table of Girls Out of School, the level of grade young ladies out of school in the area of Sub-Saharan Africa is as high as ninety-four percent, with a territorial normal of 50%. The territorial normal of Middle East and North Africa, just as, Asia and Pacific is twenty-two percent. At the point when these numbers are contrasted with the seven percent local midpoints of the Americas rand Europe, it is obvious to see the difference among countries (UNICEF, nd). In a January New York Times article, Jennifer Medina examines the instructive effects of high school migrants in New York City schools. Medina evaluates that of the 150,000 non-English talking understudies in the city, more than 15,000 have had next to zero proper tutoring, and are regularly unskilled in their local dialects. Stephanie Grasso, an English instructor in the South Bronx, disclosed to Medina that numerous worker youngsters have not scholarly don't have an idea of being an understudy. Notwithstanding the normal difficulties migrants face, these kids have the additional inconvenience of figuring out how to be an understudy how to approach questions and comprehend things for themselves (Medina, 2009). The State of New York has built up a proper arrangement for young outsiders new to the instructive experience Students with Interrupted Formal Education. Insights from New York Citys Department of Education show a 50% expansion in the quantity of Students with Interrupted Formal Education in the course of recent years. In 2007, the graduation pace of these understudies was a unimportant twenty-nine percent against the citys by and large sixty-two percent normal. An examination was performed during this equivalent time period, through which Elaine Klein, a phonetics educator at City University of New York, followed ninety-eight Students with Interrupted Formal Education. Inside a year, Professor Klein revealed that lone forty-eight of the understudies had nations, left school for untalented Jobs, or vanished. The State of New York doesn't offer any extra financing for Students with Interrupted Formal Education. In 2008 New York City gave $2. 5 million to fifty-three schools with a huge populace of these understudies; be that as it may, this just likened to $165 dollars extra per understudy. Because of these restricted assets and the negative effect these hildren have on school evaluations, many school heads are permitting these kids to get lost in an outright flood. A head at a Queens secondary school was cited as saying Look, you need to comprehend my position: what this gathering accomplishes for my school is cut down my numbers (Medina, 2009). With numerous directors receiving a comparable demeanor to that communicated by the Queens head, many are left to contemplate the topic of who is going to serve these kids. To address this issue, Norma Vega, a New York City social specialist and previous head, built up Ellis Prep School. Ellis is an abbreviation for English Language Learners and International Support. Notwithstanding the States standard per-student financing, Ms. Vega had the option to make sure about a multi year, $200,000 award from the Institute for Student Achievement, and $76,000 from New York City. Notwithstanding instructors, Ms. Vegas staff incorporates scholastic mentors to sit at understudies sides in class to walk them through exercises. Ellis understudies are sorted out into little gatherings, aggregated so as to give more up to date understudies the advantage of working with progressively experienced understudies on which they can depend for clarifications and interpretations. The Ellis educational program incorporates English, math, history, science, and electives including violin and move. Ellis has indistinguishable graduation prerequisites from other secondary schools. Despite the fact that it is too early to write about the achievement of Ellis scholastic program, Ms. Vega is sure that it will better serve Students with Interrupted Formal Education than the conventional government funded educational system. Ms. Vega has stated, If they were totally sent to ordinary secondary schools, they would basically be lost (Medina, 2009). Meetings with adolescent foreigners demonstrate that beside all the snags they face, high schooler mmigrants see bounty as upbeat about

Aid For Developing Countries Improve Economic Growth

Introduction For centuries wealthy countries have been giving away billions of dollars to help developing countries improve their economic situation. We have found out aid given to these countries in economic need have caused positive and negative affects towards the government. The basic reasons of giving aid are to help developing countries stimulate economic growth or directly give resources to meet people’s basic needs. The question is whether this aid is helping the developing country’s government or hurting it and by how much? Aid given to these countries can include donations, projects and technical assistance. Wealthy countries give aid to developing countries to promote their own governments internationally and fulfill their economical and political agendas. Throughout history many people have not been accountable for the effects of the aid and just made sure that the aid was there. Also countries that have been giving aid to a particular country for a period of time tend t o pull out the aid because different interests arising in the donating country. This cripples the aid receiving country’s economy because the aid was holding the economy together is gone and they have to start building all over. This dependence on aid leaves the country in economic ruins when the aid disappears. Now that we have a background on aid we can see why the knowing the effect aid has on governments is so important. Determining whether or not aid is beneficial to governments is crucialShow MoreRelatedHow Can African Nations Achieve Economic Growth? Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesMany of the globes not as advanced or â€Å"developing† nations find their place in Africa. These countries must improve upon basic fundamentals in order to be considered a developing nation. For example, a country must substantially reduce poverty in hopes of achieving their desired status. 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Definition and Examples of Climactic Order

Dilated Cardiomyopathy and The Role of Autoimmunity in...

An autoimmune response directed against heart-specific antigens has been recognized as important to the pathogenesis of DCM. Specifically, muscarinic M2AChR autoantibodies have a 25-80% occurrence in various cardiac conditions; these antibodies can be found in 18-51% of patients with idiopathic DCM (4), 40-77% of chagasic patients with heart failure and 42% of those with an unspecified condition (18, 31). A wide variety of infectious and noninfectious agents have been reported to induce similar symptoms (32, 33), and recently, a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy with cisplatin and doxorubicin showed a DCM phenotype and the concomitant presence of serum autoantibodies against M2AChR (6). It is well established that cardiomyopathy can be recapitulated by experimental immunization with cardiac myosin plus an adjuvant or with the administration of antibodies against troponin I and the ÃŽ ²1-adrenergic receptor (33, 28, 34, 35). Similarly, we provide evidence that autoimmunity again st specific M2AChR epitopes (M2AChR-el2 and M2AChR-il3) may play a causal role in DCM. Therefore, BALB/c mice were DNA-immunized using a gene gun with plasmids encoding partial epitopes to induce potentially harmful anti-M2AChR-el2 and anti-M2AChR-il3 antibodies and establish cardiomyopathy. All mice progressively developed left ventricle dilation and dysfunction detected by echocardiography analyses (approximately 10-20 weeks post-immunization). Next, we mimicked the presence of autoantibodies

Wellness Fitness and Nutritional Plan

Question: Discuss about the Wellness Fitness and Nutritional Plan. Answer: Overview Jill is a student of a college and an athlete. She practices 4 times in a day and mainly plays on Saturday and Sundays. For improving her performances, Jill needs to work out daily. In the course of planning a female teenage athlete must know the start can be a challenging one. Jill needs to implement a proper fitness plan in her daily schedule (Desbrow et. al, 2014). Jill is a teenage female athlete who needs to plan her fitness profile along with the nutritional guide plan in a very proper way. Her fitness plan for four week can be by performing aerobic exercises, strengthening her training process, flexibility in training and ignoring or avoiding the triad in the female athlete group. After the season, Jill always faces difficulties in coping up with her studies and to lead a normal lifestyle. Therefore, she needs to plan in a very efficient way to meet up the nutritional requirements during her training and after as well. The nutritional plan for Jill is guided that deals with the total intake of the food and the total amount of water that is required to her body for maintain the physical fitness during the season and afterwards as well. (Payne Kirchner, 2014). Fitness Plan The fitness plan of Jill is given below: Aerobic Exercise Aerobic exercise is one of the efficient exercise and a must for the teenage female athlete. For maintaining a proper healthy and diet and for improving the performance, exercises must be chosen which are similar for those people who can perform well in the particular sports of their choice. Female teenage runners must incorporate running for boosting their performances and the fitness. Jogging or running can be a great way for them to leave out the boredom sand to motivate them-selves by promoting the adherence in the workout plan. Jill must incorporate aerobic exercises at least for 60 minutes for around 5-7 days in week for the best results in her health an in the athletic ability. Strength Training Process The teenage athletes especially the female can achieve the benefits from a well organized strength training program. The muscle mass can be build besides the performance of the athlete. This is the best way of boosting the health of the bone and this is very much important for the athletes those in the teenage period. Jill should include the exercises for building up of the muscle especially in the lower part of the body through squats, dead lifts and lunges. She also should lift the weights for two to three times per week. This should be done under a strong supervision of the coach. This process will give an optimal result. Flexibility Training The term flexibility means the specific joints that have the capability of producing a vast range of motion. The American Council on Exercise stated that flexibility helps in decreasing the risk of getting injured of an athlete. The improvement in flexibility can be obtained by stretching action in daily routine for about fifteen minutes. The stretching purpose after the exercise helps the athlete to prevent from the injury (Tenforde et al., 2016). Avoiding the Female Athlete Triad The daily exercises helps and participating in any sports events helps the female teen age athlete to gain some benefits and have great consequences in the field of athlete. The female teenage athlete has a significant risk in developing a female athlete triad. This is characterized by eating disorder, osteoporosis and menstruation loss. The triad can have lifelong injuries that can permanently damage the career of athlete (Tenforde et. al, 2016). Nutrition Plan Jill needs to wake up at around 6.30 am in the morning and need to drink minimum of 10 ounces water. In-taking more of water increases the energy level in the body for the strenuous exercises or for the performance that is required by the body image of Jill (Martinsen Sundgot-Borgen, 2013). The Nutrition plan for Jill can be (Parnell, Wiens Erdman, 2016): Breakfast 7.30 am 2 Egg-whites and 1 whole egg Half cup of oatmeal with one-third blueberries 16 ounces of water Mid-Morning Snack 10 am Half cup fresh fruit along with half cup low-fat cottage cheese 16 ounces of water Lunch 12.30 am 8 ounces of grilled chicken Half cup of Spinach Medium baked potato 16 ounces of water Pre-practice 45 minutes before the practice session For optimum level of energy, small snack need to be consumed before 45 minutes, like Gatorade of 15 ounce 16 ounces of water and crackers of peanut butter Gatorade of 16 ounce A banana Dinner 7 pm 8 ounce of grilled salmon 1 cup of brown rice 1 cup of steamed broccoli 16 ounces of water Before bedtime 10.30 pm 10 ounces of low fat milk Wellness Plan Stress is a mental disturbance that can hamper any individuals mental status, which ultimately disrupts all sorts of activities they are involved. The strategy for stress management for the female adolescent athlete is describes below: Plenty of Rest requires in between the performances for being fit during the performances. Managing the proper timing as per to the requirement of the fitness and to take the proper amount of food as per to the nutritional plan. Maintaining the positive attitude towards the life reduces the stress level. Recreational activities also help in reducing the level of the stress that might have developed during the poor performance (Bingham, Borkan Quatromoni, 2015). References Bingham, M. E., Borkan, M. E., Quatromoni, P. A. (2015). Sports Nutrition Advice for Adolescent Athletes: A Time to Focus on Food.American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine,9(6), 398-402. Desbrow, B., McCormack, J., Burke, L. M., Cox, G. R., Fallon, K., Hislop, M., ... Star, A. (2014). Sports Dietitians Australia position statement: sports nutrition for the adolescent athlete.International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism,24(5), 570-584. Martinsen, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls.Med Sci Sports Exerc,45(6), 1188-97. Parnell, J. A., Wiens, K. P., Erdman, K. A. (2016). Dietary Intakes and Supplement Use in Pre-Adolescent and Adolescent Canadian Athletes.Nutrients,8(9), 526. Payne, J. M., Kirchner, J. T. (2014). Should you suspect the female athlete triad? Is your patient's dedication to her sport putting her health at risk? This review--complete with a brief screening tool--will help you identify at-risk athletes and those whose health is already being compromised.Journal of Family Practice,63(4), 187-193. Tenforde, A. S., Barrack, M. T., Nattiv, A., Fredericson, M. (2016). Parallels with the female athlete triad in male athletes.Sports Medicine,46(2), 171-182.

Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Essay Example

Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Paper Although vertebrates and invertebrates originally evolved from a common ancestral root, both have developed very different physical utilities for vision. Both are fairly effective and have taken many millions of years to evolve. They contain many common underlying mechanisms but differ in the features used to provide them. The definition of an eye is an organ of visual perception that includes parts specialized for optical processing of light as well as well as photoreceptive neurons (Alberts). The main feature of an eye therefore, in all organisms that possess one, is the collection of photoreceptors used in converting light energy into action potentials (electrical energy). When comparing vertebrate and invertebrate vision, the two best-studied cases are the compound eye exemplified by arthropods and the simple eye used in vertebrates. The main difference between the compound and simple eye is that the compound eye uses a spatial array of lenses so that each image in a local region of visual space falls onto one or a few photoreceptors. The simple eye, however, uses a single lens to image the world onto an array of photoreceptors. Compound eyes produce mosaic images. The compound eye is made up of many optical units called ommatidiums, each of which is aimed at a different part of the visual field. Each ommatidium samples a different part of the visual field through a separate lens. In a simple eye, each receptor cell samples part of the field through a lens shared by all receptor cells. In compound eyes, each ommatidium samples an angular cone-shaped portion of the environment, taking in about 2-3i of the visual field. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In contrast, each receptor of a simple eye may sample as little as 0. 2i of the visual field. In addition, the simple eye, inverts the image that falls on the retina. Since the receptive field of each ommatidium is relatively large, compound eyes have lower visual acuity than simple eyes. The mosaic image formed by a compound eye is also coarser than that of a simple eye. The simple eye in vertebrates focuses incident light in two stages. In the initial stage, incident light rays are refracted as they pass through the clear outer surface of the eye, called the cornea. They are further refracted as they pass through a second structure, the lens, and finally form an inverted image on the rear internal surface of the eye, the retina. Objects at different distance can be focussed in higher vertebrates by changing the curvature and thickness of the lens, which affects its focal length, the distance at which an image passed through the lens comes into focus. Diffraction is a property of all light and because of this, the angular resolution (resolving power) of any eye is limited by the diameter of its lens. The larger the lens diameter, the higher spatial resolution. The biggest problem for compound eyes is that the resolution is limited because the facets of the individual lens are so small. A compound eye of a given size will have a much lower resolving power than a simple eye of the same size. Optical superposition compound eyes are one way of increasing the effective lens diameter. This structure works by using several separate elements to image incident rays onto a single point, such as a single photoreceptor. This method is used in insects such as fireflies. Another way, is to use neural superposition. Simple eyes on the other hand, use a single lens, and have evolved entirely separately in the cephalopods and vertebrates. The octopus is a good example because the optical design of its eyes is remarkably similar to the vertebrate eye. The one major difference, however is that in octopus eyes, as in all fish eyes, the lens is much more powerful because it has to compensate for the loss in refractive power from the cornea, due to being underwater. Simple eyes have a much larger lens diameter which means that the spatial resolution achievable is much higher than is ever possible with a compound eye. Experiments by Kirschfeld have suggested that in order to obtain the same spatial resolution as a human eye, a compound eye would need to be about 1m across. The eye is a complex structure which has caused many arguments between evolutionary biologists and theologists. Theologists believe that the eye is so perfectly designed to harvest light, and that no intermediary design would be effective, that it must have been created by a divine designer. Biologists believe that it was created step-by-step through natural selection, and that any one step is always an improvement on the last, and thus the eye did not have to be this complex to be of benefit. This argument can be backed up by the evidence of optical diseases in which humans are handicapped in their sight, yet to them, the vision they have is better than none at all, as was a primitive form of an eye. Myopia (short-sightedness) and hypermetropia (long-sightedness) occur when the optical image of a point at infinity (i. e. he far point) falls respectively in front of or behind the retina. These errors commonly occur when the eyeball is too long, or too short, and is easily corrected with a concave or convex lens. These diseases are commonly found amongst the elderly who no longer have such deformable lens and so have difficulty varying the curvature of the lens, and thus focussing on objects at different distances effectively. This is an accommodation problem. Accommodation (discovered by Helmholz) is brought about by the ciliary body that acts on the zonular fibres that support the lens. It contains circumferential (circular) muscle fibres that allow it to act as a sphincter. The lens can be dilated by relaxing the circumferential fibres, and is said to be unaccommodated. The radial fibres of the ciliary body also act by pulling outwards on the zonular fibres that support the lens, thereby thinning it. The lens is accommodated when the circumferential fibres contract, and the lens is forced to shrink. The tension in the zonular fibres is reduced, and the lens is allowed to relax into a thicker, more curved shape, with greater refractive power. A related neuronal mechanism produces binocular convergence, in which the left and right eyes are positioned by the ocular muscles so that the images received by the two eyes fall on analogous parts of the two retinas, regardless of the distance between the object and the eyes. When an object is close, each of the two eyes must rotate towards the middle of the nose; when an object is far away, the two eyes rotate outward from the midline. Photoreceptors transduce photons of electromagnetic radiation from the visible light spectrum, into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. The energy of the electromagnetic radiation varies inversely with its wavelength, and we perceive this variation in energy as variation in colour. The outermost layer of the vertebrate retina includes two classes of photoreceptor in vertebrates: rods and cones. There are about 100 million rods in the eye and 5 million cones. A small central area called the fovea, is densely packed with cones, but in the periphery, rods outnumber cones by 20:1. Cones function best in bright light and provide high resolution, whereas rods function best in dim light but provide much less resolution. In humans, cones mediate colour vision, and rods mediate achromatic vision. These different properties are used to expand the visual capabilities of animals living in certain conditions. For example, animals that live in flat, open environments such as rabbits, usually have horizontal regions within the retina that contain a high density of cones. This concentration of cones is called the visual streak. This region corresponds to the horizon in the visual world and is thought to confer maximal resolution in this part of the scene, allowing the animal to interpret shapes on the horizon with great precision. A receptor current exists for all sensory receptors which are usually modulated by the stimulus. In the case of vertebrate photoreceptors, the light stimulus actually reduces the circulating current, by causing the closure of ion channels. Although both invertebrates and vertebrates have eyes containing photoreceptors, they differ in their structure. Vertebrate receptor cells contain a segment with an internal structure similar to that of a cilium. This cilium connects the outer segment, which contains the photoreceptive membranes to the inner segment, which includes the nucleus and mitochondria. The photoreceptors of many invertebrates lack the ciliary structure that connects the inner and outer segments of vertebrate rods and cones and the lamellae and or stacks of disks containing visual pigment. Instead, the visual pigment is located in the microvilli formed by the plasma membrane, and these pigment-containing microvilli are organised into rhabdomeres. Visual pigments consist of 2 major components: a protein (opsin) and a light-absorbing molecule (either retinal or 3-dehydroretinal). Opsins are protein visual pigment molecules consisting of 7 transmembrane ? -helix domains. Opsins are coupled to photopigment molecules that are structurally altered by the absorption of photons, and in turn modify the opsin protein. The retinal molecule assumes two sterically distinct states in the retina. In the absence of light, the opsin and retinal are linked covalently and retinal is in an 11-cis formation. The covalent bond allows this light-absorbing molecule to act as a powerful antagonist. On capturing a photon, the retinal isomerises into the all-trans configuration, initiating a series of changes in the visual pigment, as the molecule is rendered enzymatically active. When light hits the photopigment, an intermediate metharhodopsin II forms that activates the G-protein transducin. Transducin activity closes Na+ channels and the receptor cell hyperpolarizes. Activated rhodopsin is hydrolysed spontaneously to retinal and rhodopsin which is hydrolysed spontaneously to retinal and opsin which are both used repeatedly. Studies made on the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus have revealed a lot about vision. The crab has paired lateral compound eyes as well as five simple eyes: medial and lateral pairs on the dorsal surface and a single unpaired simple eye on the ventral surface. The compound eyes are typical compound eyes whereas the simple eyes are similar in structure to the simplest eye known, which consists of a shallow open pit lined with photoreceptor cells that are backed by screening pigment. Each ommatidium of a compound eye contains several photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptor cells of the Limulus compound eye are located at the base of each ommatidium. Each ommatidium lies beneath a hexagonal section of an outer transparent layer, the corneal lens. Visual transduction takes place in 12 retinular, or photoreceptor, cells. Each retinular cell has a rhabdomere, a part of the cell in which the plasma membrane is thrown into densely packed microvilli, making this the part of the cell that captures light energy. The microvilli greatly increase the surface area of the plasma membrane, which increases the probability that incident light will be captured by the rhodopsin molecules embedded in the membrane. Together, the 12 rhabdomeres of the retinular cells make up a rhabdome, which surrounds the dendrite of an afferent neuron, the eccentric cell. Depolarisations of the plasma membrane can be recorded in the retinular cells when the eye is exposed to very dim light. These quantum bumps increase in frequency as the light intensity increases (i. e. as more photons impinge on the receptors). The bumps are electrical signals generated as a result of the absorption of individual quanta of light. How can capture of a single photon lead to rapid release of so much energy? In this case, through a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell that includes G-protein activation. Activation of the G-protein cascade occurs by diffusional contact between activated rhodopsin and molecules of G-protein, which are activated sequentially, as explained above; the activated g-protein in turn activates an effector enzyme, the PDE (phosphodiesterase); this is a 1:1 step, i. e. it has no amplification. A second stage of amplification occurs because the activated PDE is an enzyme which catalyses the destruction of cGMP. The net effect is to open ion channels, allowing cations to enter the cell. In Limulus, the receptor current through the light activated channels is carried by Na+, K+ and some Ca2+. This current causes a depolarising receptor potential. When the light goes off, the channels close again, and the membrane repolarises. The sensitivity of individual photoreceptors drops with exposure to light. This light adaptation is thought to be mediated by Ca+ ions, which enter the cells when light causes ion channels to open and which by some mechanism then reduce the current through light-activated channels. Although the Limulus eye is simple compared to that of invertebrates, the visual system is capable of generating electrical activity that parallels some of the more sophisticated features of human visual perception. The crab does however lack the degree of colour perception seen by the human eye, because it lacks the short and long wave colour pigments in its cones. It is interesting to see how two totally different mechanisms of visual perception can be so different yet interrelated in many ways, and that they have involved independently to perform the same function.

American Experience in Huck Finn Essays

American Experience in Huck Finn Essays American Experience in Huck Finn Essay American Experience in Huck Finn Essay Essay Topic: Mark Twain The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn â€Å"All modern American Literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.. † claimed Ernest Hemingway, a American author and journalist. This quote represents the idea and perception of Huckleberry Finn as a defining moment in American Literature, a time when a new culture was being formed west of the Atlantic that had many different subjects and characteristics than that of the literature in Europe. What makes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn so original and such a representation of America is that whatever Huckleberry Finn, the character, is about or can be defined by, is what America was all about. Through this complex character, Mark Twain was able to create a new American experience and show the reader all about it. The main characteristics of the American experience that Mark Twain represented through this character included a social commentary on the southern culture and its response to slavery and its general antebellum culture, the nature that defines America and how America defines its nature and the freedom from it, and the new anti-materialistic hero. The opening of the book deals with the most serious issue depicted; the idea of slavery and the response of the southerners to its injustices. The majority of the American experience of slavery and its response are shown through the relationship between the main protagonist, Huck and his friend Jim. When Jim first approaches Huck to tell him that he has run away from his master Huck replies, â€Å"People would call me a low down Abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum- but that don’t make no difference. I ain’t agoing to tell.. † (1379). In a time when it was illegal to aide slaves in their escape, Huck was just beginning to start his moral dilemma of his loyalties to the law, and his friendship with Jim. This brings about a side note on the American experience of slavery that is not as developed as the response to slavery in Huck and that is: how does a person act and feel in a society in which they have friends that can become slaves. In many Abolitionist books and essays at the time, the reader was directed to feel for the slave as a man, as a brother. They used emotions to show the hardships of the slaves and play upon the guilt of the white American to end slavery. In Huckleberry Finn, Twain asked the reader to determine how they would act on slavery when they saw their friends under servitude. This was a large issue because it brings out personal alliances with cultural alliances of the south. However, the main American experience Twain is trying to develop on slavery is not the personal relationship and whether or not slavery was a terrible issue, it was the southerners response to slavery. This is exemplified by two separate cases. The first is with slavery and Jim, and the second is with Huck’s abusive and drunken father who would â€Å"lay drunk with the hogs in the tanyard† (1359). Both of these issues were just symbols of the southern distorted culture of the time. A culture that could enslave a man, calls themselves good Christian men, and then falls asleep drunk. What is peculiar about this novel is not necessarily Twain’s feelings regarding the morality of this culture. It is fairly obvious that he disapproves of such and shows that it is a morally defunct society, but rather what makes this novel truly representative of the American experience is showing how even someone who is not morally corrupted acts upon it. Huck, who is shown through his helping of Jim and his friendship with Jim, clearly understands the injustice of slavery and the immoral acts his father does. What does he do about it though? Does he seek to transform this southern society through work or a mini-revolution? No, he just simply moves along. This is the central irony of the book, and thus represented of one of the ironies of the American experience in the 19th century. Huck Finn chooses to leave intact this society that is clearly in need of change, and just simply leaves the place behind. It shows that he is against slavery and the ideals of the south and thus won’t live in it, but he also won’t change it. This was one of the most prominent experiences of America in the 19th century. Many whites disagreed with slavery, but if it did not affect their lives, as they were not necessarily the culprit or the victim, they just went on living their lives. The most common feature of this novel is movement. While this was crucial in developing the irony that was the southern response to slavery, it is also important in itself. In this novel, the main characters are always going somewhere, leaving a place in which they didn’t like or had a bad experience, and moving on to the next. This sense of freedom from nature was feature that is distinctly American. In the novel, the river was a entral metaphor as it brought them food, their raft, but also gave them a means of transportation. The American experience of traveling for the sake of traveling and expanding yourself in nature is shown from their experiences with movement in the river. Huck Finn was a character who is always in motion, always free. This was seen by the fact that he did start out the trip trying to pr ovide freedom for Jim up the river, but when they passed Cairo he did not stop. In fact, the new route would take them to New Orleans, a slave-trading capital of the south at the time (Johnson). The freedom that nature provided Huck was seen by his depiction of the nights on the raft as â€Å"It’s lovely to live on a raft. We had the sky, up there, all speckled with stars.. † (1423). This freedom brings a release from the world of land, the towns where people were entrapped in a cycle of guns, alcohol, and racism. He does not see in moral meaning in nature like the transcendentalists of the time, rather it was an escape of the modern world, a place to have pleasant feelings. This freedom is an American experience. In just a purely physical sense, America has the opportunities for freedom. Vast lands, ample rivers, defined seasons all allow the American to seek freedom from society. This is something that was not seen in Europe as you were subjected to just your own country’s land through language, cultural, and physical barriers. This idea of jumping on a raft and finding your freedom, both spiritually as in the case of Huck and physically in the case of Jim, is something that represents a true American experience. This myth of the open frontier continued in writing for decades to come, a myth that would allow the individual American to escape the rapidly growing urban centers that were developing an uneducated middle-class. The last particularly American subject is the hero of the novel himself, Huck. Huck is envisioned as this romantic anti-society anti-inheritance hero. In coming-to-age novels of the time, many were determined to show the process the character mature, moving past their youthful selves and into a role of social acceptance of culture. Huck represents a new American subject, on who speaks as he wishes, and does as he wants. Because of his traveling lifestyle, Huck does not concern himself with inheritance or money for any matter. What mattered most for Huck in the story was the materials that made the journey possible. He was not concerned with his social class, his need for a life with a wife, kids, and money. This metaphor represents the American Anti-materialistic culture that was forming, and thus Twain depicted it as such in his story. The sense of anti-conformity culture was the subject, a view that was depicted primarily by Huck. To combat the idea that Huck was just a child, and this is how he was supposed to act, Twain introduces two characters. The Duke and Dauphin, con-artists who swindle people out of their money by performing productions represent the free nature, the anti-materialistic culture that Huck represents. While these two do act in order to obtain money, the goal of the money is not to obtain a higher social order, but to carry on in life. It supplies their thirst for fun. This was seen when after a heist, the Duke asks to count the money so that they can â€Å"take and give it to the girls† (1451). This shows that they went about their plan yes for the money, but the money was not an object that they desired; it is what it can be immediately used for that defines it. This was against the European experience of inheritance and the desire to better oneself in a Victorian fashion, and represented an American subject. Huck finds out throughout the story and the encounters with the people in the towns, how to live in order to escape the social conformity, thus creating his own identity. This idea of putting your obligations to you self-creation and fun, and not to the creation of a self that is defined by community or cultural standards was an effective approach to an American subject. In an extended metaphor, Huck Finn and his friends and acquaintances represent an American subject. Their reactions to slavery represent the blind eye and unwillingness to put about change in the southern culture of slavery and racism, a subject that would arguably represent the south to this day. At the same time, the river which took them away from their culture as opposed to fighting it, also represents the freedom of America, a subject Twain makes sure he repeats throughout the novel. Lastly, the characters themselves represent a new age of anti-materialism, a staunch contrast to the European idea of self-betterment for the sake of culture and standing. In all, these metaphors all show a new American subject. Cited: Twain, Mark. â€Å" The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. † The Harper Single Volume American Literature. Ed. McQuade et al. New York: Longman. 1999. 1355-1522 Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 2 and 6.

Culture of an Organization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Culture of an Organization - Research Paper Example In the said article, the report clearly states that there was major collaboration between the US and Mexican informants which resulted to the fall of some major drug cartels across Mexican boundary. Although Mexico was no longer part of the US’s area of responsibility, powerful and influential drug cartels in the said country remain to affect the US which usually would result to its continuing problem and fight with major prevailing crimes. In the article of Thomson, it also states that American officials believe that the Drug Enforcement Administration informants having link with cartels are of great help in tracking down culprits of major crimes. The US law enforcement agency is a significant component of the country’s criminal justice system. This agency must have important information as basis prior to its actual decision-making process towards the society’s concerns on criminal activities initiated by highly systematic criminal individuals, groups or organiz ations. This agency is therefore having a strong culture about relying on exact information. Its ability to incur services from Drug Enforcement Administration informants is a remarkable justification of its existing culture. In other words, informants have critical role to play towards the kind of decision that the US law enforcement agency must remarkably apply. ... e US law enforcement agency must therefore improve further its capacity to track down criminals and one way of doing so is to establish a high system of information-based system. Informants are significant components of it, which only means that they are elemental factors for the future directions of the US law enforcement agency. After all, an organization must remarkably consist of a social network which would not only make monitoring of flow of information and work output possible, but as well as culture (Carpenter, Bauer & Erdogan, 2009). In the case of the US law enforcement agency, its potential networks for the fulfillment of its objectives involve the informants as its external stakeholders. The second article is â€Å"Independent Agency Gets New Powers to Prosecute New York Police Officers† written by Baker and published in New York Times. Board lawyers have been given the chance to act as prosecutors instead of the police agency employees in cases when police officer s will be subjected to internal or administrative discipline (Baker, 2012). According to Baker, this was the response of the federal government after the Police Department faced cases concerning corruption, stop-and-frisk practices, lack of integrity of its crime data, and some associated violations in policing. All of these are potential grounds and bases concerning series of Wall Street protests against the Police Department. In this agreement, civilians at last have the opportunity that their voices be heard through the Civilian Complaint Review Board. Based on the above summary of the second article, it is clear that civilians are therefore other external stakeholders that have potential impact on the decision-making of criminal justice agencies. After all, it is the people which the criminal

Organisational Transformation in Practice Essay - 2

Organisational Transformation in Practice - Essay Example Each of the several departments and business units need to revamp their working and management styles while gradually imbuing the change concept. Moreover the process of organizational transformation helps the employees to gain huge insights into the change process. However the process of organizational transformation also renders potential obstacles and challenges to the managers which must be effectively managed to render efficiency. Organizational transformation as a change process becomes effective if the newer business processes and innovations brought about are rightly absorbed by the existing business climate. Similarly while recruiting newer employees or installing newer machineries and production systems learning must be rendered to train the recruited workforce to inherit the existing organizational culture. Again the existing pool of human resources must be also trained to gain insights about operating the newer machineries to rightly adjust them to the innovative environm ent. (Brynjolfsson, Renshaw & Alstyne, 1997). The process of organizational transformation is found to be a spontaneous process involving the transformation of several organizational factors and business processes. Each of the different organizational factors like human and technological attributes tends to act in a collaborative manner to help in the transformation of organizational dynamics. The several business departments pertaining to customer servicing, resource allocations, financing and billing and inventory and management of distribution channels all contribute to the process of organizational change by effectively altering the existing operational and business processes. (Kamoche, Cunha & Cunha, 2002, pp.182-185). Self awareness - Feelings and thoughts The experience of organizational transformation can be studied along certain relevant parameters like alterations in management and leadership styles, alterations along the personal and at the employee level and changes alon g the organizational climate as a whole. Organizational leaders become closely associated with the transformational themes introduced in the concern to bring about a holistic change in the existing business processes. The approach of the business leaders to help in rendering change in the business processes brought about the theory of ‘transformational leadership’. Leadership aspects in the organizations underwent large amount of transformations owing to changes in the external business environment. Moreover transformation brought about in the existing leadership styles also called for large amount of changes in the behavioural patterns of the leaders making them more courageous and accountable. Further the above aspect also demanded the leaders to develop their visionary potential and thereby inculcate an environment of spontaneous learning. (Simic, 1998, pp.50-51). Similarly the roles of managers also assume equal importance and potential to guide the different organi sational levels to rightly adapt the change process. Role of managers in the change process involve guiding the people to perform in an efficient manner in respect to the changing environment. It is observed in this respect that the upper management body of the organisations operate based

Amazon Ebusiness Essay Example for Free

Amazon Ebusiness Essay Amazon was founded in 1994, spurred by what Bezos called regret minimization framework, his effort to fend off regret for not staking a claim in the Internet gold rush. Company lore says Bezos wrote the business plan while he and his wife drove from New York to Seattle , although that account appears to be apocryphal. The company began as an online bookstore; while the largest brick-and-mortar bookstores and mail-order catalogs for books might offer 200,000 titles, an online bookstore could offer more. Bezos named the company Amazon after the worlds largest river. Since 2000, Amazons logotype is an arrow leading from A to Z, representing customer satisfaction (as it forms a smile); a goal was to have every product in the alphabet. In 1994, the company incorporated in the state of Washington, beginning service in July 1995, and was reincorporated in 1996 inDelaware. The first book Amazon.com sold was Douglas Hofstadters Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. Amazon.com issued its initial public offering of stock on May 15, 1997, trading under theNASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN, at an IPO price of US$18.00 per share ($1.50 after three stock splits in the late 1990s). Amazons initial business plan was unusual: the company did not expect a profit for four to five years. Its slow growth provoked stockholder complaints that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough. When the dot-com bubble burst, and many e-companies went out of business, Amazon persevered, and finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million or 1 ¢ per share, on revenues of more than $1 billion, but the modest profit was important in demonstrating the business model could be profitable. In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos Person of the Year,  recognizing the companys success in popularizing online shopping. Amazon.com products and services: Amazon product lines include books, music CDs, videotapes and DVDs, software, consumer electronics, kitchen items, tools, lawn and garden items, toys games, baby products, apparel, sporting goods, gourmet food, jewelry, watches, health and personal-care items, beauty products, musical instruments, clothing, industrial scientific supplies, and groceries. The company launched Amazon.com Auctions, a Web auctions service, in March 1999. However, it failed to chip away at industry pioneer eBays large market share. Amazon.com Auctions was followed by the launch of a fixed-price marketplace business, zShops, in September 1999, and the now defunct Sothebys/Amazon partnership called sothebys.amazon.com in November. Auctions and zShops evolved into Amazon Marketplace, a service launched in 2001 that let customers sell used books, CDs, DVDs, and other products alongside new items. Today, Amazon Marketplaces main rival is eBays Half.com service. In August 2005, Amazon began selling products un der its own private label, Pinzon; the trademark applications indicated that the label would be used for textiles, kitchen utensils, and other household goods.In March 2007, the company applied to expand the trademark to cover a more diverse list of goods, and to register a new design consisting of the word PINZON in stylized letters with a notched letter O whose space appears at the one oclock position.. Coverage by the trademark grew to include items such as paints, carpets, wallpaper, hair accessories, clothing, footwear, headgear, cleaning products, and jewelry.On September 2008, Amazon filed to have the name registered. USPTO has finished its review of the application, but Amazon has yet to receive an official registration for the name. Amazon MP3, its own online music store, launched in the US in September 25, 2007, selling downloads exclusively in MP3 format without digital rights management.[This was the first online offering of DRM-free music from all four major record companies. In August 2007, Amazon announced AmazonFresh, a grocery service offering perishable and nonperishable foods. Customers can have orders delivered to their homes at dawn or during a specified daytime window. Delivery was initially restricted to residents of Mercer Island, Washington, and was later expanded to several  ZIP codes in Seattle proper. AmazonFresh also operated pick-up locations in the suburbs of Bellevue and Kirkland from summer 2007 through early 2008. In 2008 Amazon expanded into film production, producing the film The Stolen Child with 20th Century Fox. Amazon.com has incorporated a number of products and services through development and acquisitions. The Honor System was launched in 2001 to allow customers to make donations or buy digital content, with Amazon collecting a percentage of the payment plus a fee. The service was discontinued in 2008. and replaced by Amazon Payments. Amazon launched Amazon Web Services(AWS) in 2002, which provides programmatic access to latent features on its website. Amazon also created channels to benefit certain causes. In 2004, Amazons Presidential Candidates allowed customers to donate $5–200 to the campaigns of 2004 U.S. preside ntial hopefuls. Amazon has periodically reactivated a Red Cross donation channel after crises such as the 9/11, Hurricane Katrina, and the 2004 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean. By January 2005, nearly 200,000 people had donated over $15.7 million in the US. Amazon Prime offers two day shipping with no minimum purchase amount for a flat annual fee, as well as discounted priority shipping rates. Amazon launched the program in the continental United States in 2005, in Japan, the United Kingdom and Germany in 2007, and in France (as Amazon Premium) in 2008. Launched in 2005, Amazon Shorts offers exclusive short stories and non-fiction pieces from best-selling authors for immediate download. By June 2007, the program had over 1,700 pieces and was adding about 50 new pieces per week. In November 2005, Amazon.com began testing Amazon Mechanical Turk, an application programming interface (API) allowing programs to dispatch tasks to human processors. In March 2006, Amazon launched an online storage service called Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). An unlimited number of data objects, from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes in size, can be stored in S3 and distributed via HTTP or BitTorrent. The service charges monthly fees for data stored and transferred. In 2006, Amazon introducedAmazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS), a distributed queue messaging service, and product wikis (later folded into Amapedia) and discussion forums for certain products using guidelines that follow standard message board conventions. Also in 2006, Amazon introduced Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), a virtual site farm, allowing users to use the Amazon infrastructure to run applications ranging  from running simulations to web hosting. In 2008, Amazon improved the service adding Elastic Block Store (EBS), offering persistent storage for Amazon EC2 instances and Elastic IP addresses, static IP addresses designed for dynamic cloud computing. In 2007 Amazon launched Amapedia, a wiki for user-generated content to replace ProductWiki, the video on demand s ervice Amazon Unbox, and Amazon MP3, which sells downloadable MP3s. Amazons terms of use agreements restrict use of the MP3s, but Amazon does not use DRM to enforce those terms. Amazon MP3 sells music from the Big 4 record labels EMI, Universal, Warner Bros. Records, and Sony BMG, as well as independents. Previous to the launch of this service, Amazon made an investment in Amie Street, a music store with a variable pricing model based on demand. Also in 2007 Amazon launched Amazon Vine, which allows reviewers free access to pre-release products from vendors in return for posting a review, as well as payment service specifically targeted at developers, Amazon FPS. In November 2007, Amazon launched Amazon Kindle, an e-book reader which downloads content over Whispernet, via the Sprint Nextel EV-DO wireless network. The screen uses E Ink technology to reduce battery consumption. In 2008 Amazon stated that its Kindle-based library included 200,000 titles. In December 2007, Amazon introduced SimpleDB, a database system, allowing users of its other infrastructure to utilize a high reliability high performance database system. In August 2007, Amazon launched an invitation-only beta-test for online grocery delivery. It has since rolled out in several Seattle, Washington suburbs. In January 2008 Amazon began rolling out their MP3 service to subsidiary websites worldwide. In December, 2008, Amazon MP3 was made available in the UK. In September, IMDB and Amazon.com launched a Music metadata browsing site with wiki-like user contribution. In November, Amazon partnered with Fisher-Price, Mattel, Microsoft and Transcend to offer products with minimal packaging to reduce environmental impact and frustration with opening clamshell type packaging. Amazon Web Services launched a public beta of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud running Microsoft Windows Server and Microsoft SQL Server. Amazon Connectenables authors to post remarks on their book pages to customers. WebStore allows businesses to create custom e-commerce websites using Amazon technology. Sellers pay a commission of 7 percent, including credit-card processing fees and fraud protection, and a subscription fee of  $59.95/month for an unlimited number of webstores and listings. Why Amazon.com is successful as a business on internet and has excellent capabilities supported by information system and e-commerce? Amazons initial business plan was unusual: the company did not expect a profit for four to five years. Its slow growth provoked stockholder complaints that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough. When the dot-com bubble burst and many e-companies went out of business, Amazon persevered, and finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million or 1 ¢ per share, on revenues of more than $1 billion, but the modest profit was important in demonstrating the business model could be profitable. In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos Person of the Year, recognizing the companys success in popularizing online shopping. Amazon changed the way it does business through the years. First it was an online book seller. Next it expanded into selling music and videos. Then it offered toys, consumer electronics and software to its customers. These were linked with a host of new products until this very day. Amazon has a constantly evolving product line. Its competitors have a hard time catching up with the innovator. During its initial years of operation, Amazon was not making any real profit. It practiced instead the habit of reinvesting its income into new markets. This it did to make possible for its customers to make wider choices for the companys offerings. Inventory management is an important function for any business and its efficient implementation can play a major role in reducing costs within a company. Policies, procedures, and techniques employed in maintaining the optimum number or amount of each inventory item. The objective of inventory management is to provide uninterrupted production, sales, and/or customer-service levels at the minimum cost, Levi D. S. et al (2003). Levi explains that a high-quality inventory management system provides a smooth and efficient supply chain by reducing costs and time. Initially when a company is established, key individuals may perform su ch tasks as purchasing, manufacturing or inventory control with little problem in terms of overlapping functions. But as a company expands it may be necessary to concentrate on core functions in the aim to have specialized personnel in every department. Each function has an important part to play in the supply chain. The correct management of  inventory enables a company to reduce liabilities and cost of overstocking, to streamline operations and to have better utilized staff. Amazon.com, the worlds largest online retailer and one of the nations biggest book sellers, is one of the iconic companies of the Internet era, Eells S. (2010), and by realizing the importance of inventory management can only improve its supply chain. From the text we can see that when CEO Jeffrey P. Bezos went about setting up Amazon.com, he had a clear aim to offer customers a wide selection of books but at the same time did not want to spend time and money on opening stores and warehouses and in dealing with the inventory. Bezos was hesitant in deciding to maintain Amazons own warehouse but realized that this was the only way for the company to keep customers satisfied. Internet shopping was rapidly expanding and with Amazon now stretching its ranges from not only books but to CDs, toys and hardware, they too were a growing industry. Amazon began setting up warehouses throughout the US, strategically placing them in states with little or no sales tax in order to reduce costs. These warehouses were very well maintained and completely computerized, with each item having a separate code which made inventory management a lot easier. Within the large warehouses, Amazon held all products which were available on the website. This was not always a good idea as it cost Amazon money in order to stock these goods. In the holiday season of 1999, Bezos was determined not to disappoint any customers; therefore he ordered larger amounts of every product. With this large amount of inventory, Bezos found it very diffic ult to manage, so aimed to rearrange the warehouses to accommodate the demand in different regions. They then decided to outsource some of its routines activities so that they could concentrate more on their core competencies. Deciding whether to outsource or not was a difficult decision for Amazon but seen in the Strategic outsourcing book by Greaver M. (1999), he explains that there quiet a number of reasons how outsourcing can be a major advantage. These points are broken into 6 headings; 1. Organizational reasons Enhance effectiveness and focus on what you do best and also makes the company more flexible 2. Improvement driven reasons Improve operating performance and also management and control 3. Finally driven reasons Reduce investment assets and free up these resources for other areas of the business 4. Revenue driven reasons Gain market access and  business opportunities along with accelerating expansion 5. Cost driven reasons Reduce cost through superior provider performance and lower cost structure 6. Employee driven reasons Increase commitment and energy in non c ore areas. Amazon decided to outsource its inventory management, and with this they decided not to stock every item offered on its site. It stocked only the most popular and frequently purchased items and as for the other items, they were requested from the distributor on ordering. The item would be sent to Amazon, unpacked and finally sent to the customer. Amazon entered into an agreement with Ingram Micro Inc. to use its knowledge and experience in the electronic goods and supply chain management in order to provide logistics and order-fulfillment services for desktops, laptops and other computer related accessories. From the case, Kevin Murai, President, Ingram Macro U.S. informs everyone the advantages in which they can offer to Amazons supply chain and satisfaction of customers, â€Å"The customer fulfillment services we are providing to Amazon.com’s computer store will minimize the number of touches to the product, while ensuring a seamless shopping experience for Amazons customers from start to finish†. A collaborative approach was obvious from this. A collaborative partnership has become an alternative approach to care, replacing traditional hierarchical approach as the desired approach to care. The features of collaborative partnerships are (1) Power sharing and sharing of expertise; (2) the pursuit of mutually agreed on, person centered goals and, (3) a dynamic process that requires the active participation and agreement of all partners in the relationship, Elsevier M. (2006). Both Amazon and Ingram Micro both shared the passion for customer satisfaction which was the main driving force to the success of their partnership. Amazon has identified its core competencies as: customer convenience and accessibility, massive selection, personalized service, quality of the site content, quality of its search tools and price, Mulqueen K. (2009). By entering into this partnership it gives Amazon more quality time to put into its core competencies. During the initial stages of Amazons warehousing, it aimed to have every item in stock in o rder to maximize customer satisfaction. By having this inventory, it would enable Amazon to meet the needs of the customers when they purchased the goods online. When the customer chooses the item, Amazon takes it from inventory and sent it to the respective  customer. We can see the logic in which Bezos takes as he is aiming to satisfy every customer in order to build a positive image and reputation of the company. Holding this much inventory on the other can be quite costly and also for a small business which Amazon was when taking on this method can be very difficult to manage. Amazons warehouses were a quarter mile long and 200 yards wide storing millions of books. Each warehouse cost Bezos around 50 million and not only this he started to realize that having all these large amounts of stock was unutilized cash which could be used to improve the business elsewhere. The below image (fig 1.1) gives you an idea of the scale of the warehouses and how an effective inventory management structure is vital. Learning from the difficult holiday season of 1999, Bezos outsourced some of their core competencies in order to pay more attention to othe r areas of the business. In our opinion this was a step in the right direction as when Amazons partners shipped the goods Amazon revamped the layout of their warehouses which makes the items easier to find and allowed customer orders to be sorted more efficiently. In early 2001, when Amazon partnered with Ingram Micro Inc., we feel that this was the correct decision for Amazon in the aim for efficient inventory management and it didn’t take long for changes to be made to the stocking of inventory. Amazon decided to stock only the most popular and most frequently purchased. If an item which wasn’t in stock, Amazon simply ordered in from the distributor and who then shipped it to Amazon where they would unpack it and send it to the customer. This may seem like a longer process but we feel this step which significantly reduce costs and better utilized Amazons finances. This is evident from the case as in December 00; their gross profit was 656.8 million where it was almost doubled in December 02 where the profit was 1,074.9 million. By doing this method, inevitably Amazon reduced holding costs. This method was proving to be a positive for Amazon as the improved inventory management helped Amazon record its first ever profit in 2001. From being initially in a deficit of $2.86 billion seven years earlier, Amazon recorded a net profit of $5 million in the fourth quarter of 2001. By Amazon outsourcing its inventory management, we could see the improvements almost immediately from their financial reports in the case. It is clear in our opinion, that Amazon made the right decision when outsourcing this function. It has reduced cost by keeping fewer inventories  and at the same time has partnered with a company with a great deal of expertise in the technology functions which can again be a major positive for the company. This shows again that outsourcing the inventory function was the correct decision for Amazon. The transfer of Amazons inventory management as shown in the case was a positive influence on the company and we feel that it was a successful task. The reason for this is simple; Amazon has tried and tested various inventory techniques from when it was first established. At first Amazons inventory was too great and was seen to be unutilized cash. Bezos realized that this unutilized cash could possible to used to benefit over departments within the company. The task of outsourcing this area made a profit for the company immediately, at the end of 2001, Amazon had a sales record of 1.1 billion which was a 15% increase on the same period of the previous year. Then again in 2002, we can see from the case that Amazon recorded sales of 3.93 billion which was a 26% increase on the year previous. These figures show that the task of outsourcing inventory for Amazon was an important function which has shown to get record sales for the company and along with the expertise given by Ingram Micro was overall a positive influence on the company. Overall, Amazons decision to outsource its inventory management and concentrate more on other funct ions within the business was the correct decision in our opinion. This is proven by the increase in profit since doing so. Amazon managed to outsource this function and still satisfy their customers which is one of their core values along with being innovative. According to businessweek.com, Amazon in 2010 had a net income of $231 million in comparison to $177million in 2009 which again is an indication that the company’s decisions have only had a positive impact as the company continues to grow. This is a positive for the company but in comparison to its main competitor, EBay had a net income of 397.65 million in 2010 which is also seen on businessweek.com. This shows that there is a lot of work done but still in order to compete with its competitors it must still strive to improve. Amazon prides itself on a strong brand, excellent customer service and a well designed, easy to use website. Its use of E-Business strategies enables the company to cut costs better than its competitors and empower its customers by offering them choice. It could be argued that Amazons’ most valuable asset is its CEO and Founder Jeff Bezos. Bezos innovative style has grown the company from  strength to strength and latest figures, according to the website www.siliconrepublic.com show an increase in profit of 36% to $12.95bn for 2010 from a sink to 3.7pc from 5pc at the end of 2009. In 2001, Amazons CEO, Jeff Bezos welcomed competitors rather than fighting them. This decision was initially seen as somewhat controversial. According to Vogelstein (2003) the decision caused such a stir in the book-publishing community that the Authors Guild formally stepped in. They wanted used books sold on a different page from newly published ones. Amazon was able to do this as a result of its efficient inventory management. Vogelstein (2003) states that Amazons warehouses are so efficient that they need to be replenished 20 times per year and they can now handle three times the volume they handled in 1999. The net result of this initiative is increased profits as can be seen from the case. The success of Amazon can be attributed to E-Business. Tedeschi (1999) state; Business on the Internet is cutting significant cost out of the supply chain, with better procurement and resource planning. With Amazon, these cost savings are passed onto the end customer. Through price comparison and transparency on its webpage, customers could make informed decisions based on price. This created massive popularity with its customers. E-Business also creates brand strength. According to Matthewson (2002) a recent survey demonstrated the importance of online brand building, as it showed that six out of ten internet users directly typed into their browser the address of the brand they are interested in buying. The website is said to attract 81 million unique visitors each month .Amazon has capitalized on this process known as cyber-branding. This essentially promotes the company through superior customer service. Its logistics in both inventory efficiency and technology gives it a superior edge over its competitors. Its operations are very efficient due to the strategic locations of its warehouses and headquarters, which have enabled Amazon to cut a lot of its costs. The market in which amazon.com operates and how it is organized by region and country: Amazon.com has always sold goods out of its own warehouses. It started as a bookseller, pure and simple, and over the last decade has branched out into  additional product areas and the third-party sales that now represent a good chunk of its revenue (some estimates put it at 25 percent). Both retailers and individual sellers utilize the Amazon.com platform to sell goods. Large retailers like Nordstrom, Lands End and Target use Amazon.com to sell their products in addition to selling them through their own Web sites. The sales go through Amazon.com and end up at Nordstrom.com, Lands End.com or Target.com for processing and order fulfillment. Amazon essentially leases space to these retailers, who use Amazon.com as a supplemental outlet for their online sales. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace, Amazon zShops or Amazon Auctions. At Marketplace, sellers offer goods at a fixed price, and at Auctions they sell their stuff to the highest bidder. Amazon zShops f eatures only used goods at fixed prices. If an item listed on zShops, Marketplace or Auctions is also sold on the main Amazon.com, it appears in a box beside the Amazon.com item so buyers can see if someone else is selling the product for less in one of the other sales channels. The level of integration that occurs on Amazon is a programming feat that few (if any) online sales sites can match. Another sales channel called Amazon Advantage is a place where people can sell new books, music and movies directly from the Amazon warehouse instead of from their home or store. Sellers ship a number of units to Amazon, and Amazon handles the entire sales transaction from start to finish. In all of these programs, Amazon gets a cut of each sale (usually about 10 percent to 15 percent) and sometimes charges additional listing or subscription fees; in the case of Amazon Advantage, the company takes a 55 percent commission on each sale. The Advantage channel is something like a consignment setup, a sales avenue for people who create the ir own music CDs or have self-published a book and are simply looking for a way to get it out there. One of the latest additions to Amazons repertoire is a subsidiary company called Amazon Services. Through Amazon Services, Amazon sells its sales platform, providing complete Amazon e-commerce packages to companies looking to establish or revamp their e-commerce business. Amazon sets up complete Web sites and technology backbones for other e-commerce companies using Amazon software and technology. Target, for instance, in addition to having a store on Amazon.com, also uses Amazon Services to build and manage its own e-commerce site, Target.com. But selling goods isnt the only way to make  money with Amazon.com. The Web sites affiliate program is one of the most famous on the Web. Through Amazons Associate Program, anyone with a Web site can post a link to Amazon.com and earn some money. The link can display a single product chosen by the associate, or it can list several best seller products in a particular genre, in which case Amazon updates the list automatically at preset interv als. The associate gets a cut of any sale made directly through that link. The cut ranges from 4 percent to 7.5 percent depending on which fee structure the associate signs up for (see Amazon Associates for complete program details). The associate can also take advantage of Amazon Web Services, which is the program that lets people use Amazons utilities for their own purposes. 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